Ask AI: What are according to Brown in "Undoing the Demos" (2015) the four effects of the new normative order of reason on public higher education?

Wendy Brown, in her book "Undoing the Demos" (2015), argues that the new normative order of reason has had four main effects on public higher education: 1. Instrumentalization: education is increasingly viewed as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself. This has led to a focus on job training and vocational education, rather than liberal arts education. 2. Corporatization: universities are increasingly run like businesses, with a focus on efficiency, productivity, and profitability. This has led to a preoccupation with rankings, branding, and marketing, rather than academic freedom, research, and teaching. 3. Marketization: universities are increasingly subject to market forces, with a focus on consumer choice, competition, and privatization. This has led to rising tuition fees, student debt, and the commodification of knowledge. 4. Depoliticization: education is increasingly depoliticized, with a focus on consensus, neutrality, and apoliticism. This has led to a decline in critical thinking, civic engagement, and democratic participation, as well as a rise in authoritarianism and populism.