1. **Understanding Deviance** 2. **Positive vs Negative Deviance** 3. **Types of Social Control** 4. **Theories on Deviance** 5. **Ways People Respond to Strain** 6. **Elements of Social Bonds**

1. **What is deviance?** - Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or characteristics that violate societal norms and can result in negative social sanctions. 2. **Explain the difference between positive & negative deviance.** - Positive deviance involves over-conforming to norms in a way that is viewed as favorable, such as extraordinary acts of heroism. Negative deviance involves breaking societal norms in a way that is considered harmful or undesirable, like committing a crime. 3. **What is social control? Include the 2 types.** - Social control consists of mechanisms, strategies, and institutions used by society to encourage conformity to norms. The two types are: - **Formal Social Control**: Strategies employed by authorized agents, such as laws and regulations enforced by police, courts, and other official institutions. - **Informal Social Control**: Unofficial, casual reactions and pressures from individuals or groups, like family, friends, and the community. 4. **List the 4 theories on deviance.** - The four theories on deviance are: - Strain Theory - Social Learning Theory - Control Theory - Labeling Theory 5. **Describe the 5 ways people respond to strain.** - According to Strain Theory, individuals respond to strain in five ways: - **Conformity**: Accepting both societal goals and the prescribed means to achieve them. - **Innovation**: Accepting societal goals but using new, often illegitimate means to achieve them. - **Ritualism**: Rejecting societal goals but continuing to adhere strictly to the acceptable means. - **Retreatism**: Rejecting both societal goals and means, often withdrawing from society. - **Rebellion**: Rejecting both existing societal goals and means in favor of replacing them with new ones. 6. **Describe the 4 elements of social bonds.** - The four elements of social bonds are: - **Attachment**: Connections to others, such as family and friends. - **Commitment**: Stake in conformity, such as future goals and aspirations that could be jeopardized by deviant behavior. - **Involvement**: Participation in conventional activities that leave little time for deviance. - **Belief**: Conviction in the moral validity of societal rules and laws. 7. **What are techniques of neutralization?** - Techniques of neutralization are rationalizations that allow individuals to justify or excuse deviant behavior temporarily, such as denying responsibility or harm, condemning the condemners, or appealing to higher loyalties. 8. **What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?** - **Primary Deviance**: Initial acts of rule-breaking that do not affect an individual's self-concept or performance of roles. - **Secondary Deviance**: Subsequent deviance that occurs as a result of the societal reaction and labeling of the individual, leading to a changed self-concept and often a continuation of deviant behavior. 9. **Define crime.** - Crime is behavior that violates formal laws and is subject to legal sanctions. 10. **List the types of crimes we covered in class.** - Types of crimes typically covered in classes might include violent crimes, property crimes, white-collar crimes, organized crimes, hate crimes, and victimless crimes. 11. **Give an example of a violent crime.** - An example of a violent crime is homicide. 12. **What is a victimless crime?** - A victimless crime is an illegal act that typically involves only the offender or consenting adults, without a direct victim, such as drug use or prostitution. 13. **What are the 3 alternatives to prison?** - The three alternatives to prison are: - **Probation**: Allowing the offender to remain in the community under supervision instead of serving time in prison. - **Parole**: Releasing the offender from prison early under specific conditions while remaining under supervision. - **Community Service**: Requiring the offender to perform specific services for the community as a form of restitution. 14. **Who holds the most immediate control over who is arrested?** - Police officers hold the most immediate control over who is arrested. 15. **What factors are considered by police when deciding whether to make an arrest or not?** - Factors considered by police include the severity of the offense, the strength of the evidence, the suspect’s behavior and demeanor, the suspect’s criminal history, and the preferences of the victim.