1. Types of Social Norms Explained 2. Definition of Society 3. Socialization and its Agents 4. Total Institutions and Examples 5. Types of Social Status and Examples 6. Understanding Ri

Certainly! Here are short answers to all your questions, clearly numbered and restated: 1. **What are norms? List the 3 types and explain them.** Norms are shared rules or expectations for behavior in a society. The three types are: - Folkways: informal norms for everyday behavior (e.g., saying "please" and "thank you"). - Mores: norms with moral significance, often strictly enforced (e.g., prohibitions against theft). - Laws: formal norms written and enforced by authorities (e.g., speed limits). 2. **What is society?** Society is a group of people who share a common culture and territory. 3. **What is socialization? What are the 4 agents?** Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the values, norms, and roles of their society. The four main agents are family, school, peers, and media. 4. **What is a total institution? Give an example.** A total institution is a place where individuals are isolated from society and controlled by authorities. Example: prisons, military boot camps, mental hospitals. 5. **What is a status? What are the 2 types of statuses? Give an example of each.** Status is a social position a person occupies. Types: - Ascribed status: assigned at birth (e.g., daughter). - Achieved status: earned or chosen (e.g., doctor). 6. **What are rights?** Rights are socially defined expectations of behavior associated with a particular status. 7. **What is a primary group? Give an example.** A primary group is a small, close, emotionally connected group. Example: family, close friends. 8. **Define Formal Organization/Bureaucracy** A formal organization is a large, structured group with specific goals and formal rules. A bureaucracy is a type of organization with a clear hierarchy, division of labor, and written rules. 9. **What is deviance?** Deviance is behavior that violates social norms. 10. **What is a caste system?** A caste system is a rigid social stratification system where status is hereditary and mobility is limited. 11. **What is the definition of gender?** Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and characteristics considered appropriate for men and women. 12. **What are Pink Collar Jobs? Give an example.** Pink collar jobs are occupations traditionally filled by women. Example: secretary, nurse, preschool teacher. 13. **What do sociologists study?** Sociologists study human society, social behavior, and social institutions. 14. **What is the functionalist perspective?** The functionalist perspective views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. 15. **What is the conflict perspective?** The conflict perspective sees society as composed of groups in competition for scarce resources, emphasizing inequality and power struggles. 16. **What is the symbolic interaction perspective? How does it differ from our other two perspectives?** Symbolic interactionism focuses on individual interactions and the meanings people attach to them. It differs by emphasizing micro-level, everyday interactions rather than large structures. 17. **What is social statics? Who came up with the idea?** Social statics refers to the study of social order and stability. Auguste Comte introduced the idea. 18. **What is the sociological imagination?** The sociological imagination is the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social influences. 19. **What is ethnocentrism? What is an example of ethnocentrism?** Ethnocentrism is judging another culture by the standards of your own. Example: Believing your country’s food is superior to others. 20. **What is discovery?** Discovery is recognizing and understanding something already in existence. 21. **What is cultural lag?** Cultural lag occurs when some cultural elements change more quickly than others, causing disruption. 22. **What is diffusion?** Diffusion is the spread of cultural traits from one society to another. 23. **What is invention?** Invention is creating something new that did not exist before. 24. **What is nonmaterial culture? Give 2 examples. What are 5 categories of nonmaterial culture?** Nonmaterial culture includes the ideas, beliefs, and values of a society. Examples: democracy, religious beliefs. Five categories: values, beliefs, norms, symbols, language. 25. **What is Tabula Rasa? What does it mean? Who came up with the idea?** Tabula Rasa means "blank slate," suggesting people are shaped by experience. John Locke came up with the idea. 26. **What is resocialization?** Resocialization is learning new norms and values after being removed from an old environment. 27. **What is an Ascribed Status? Give an example.** Ascribed status is assigned at birth. Example: being a son/daughter. 28. **What is role performance?** Role performance is how someone actually behaves in their role. 29. **Name each pre-Industrial society and briefly describe them.** - Hunting and gathering: small, nomadic, food from wild resources. - Pastoral: domestication of animals, more stable food source. - Horticultural: small-scale plant cultivation. - Agricultural: large-scale farming, permanent settlements. 30. **What is urbanization?** Urbanization is the growth of cities. 31. **What are the 5 types of social interaction?** Cooperation, conflict, competition, accommodation, assimilation. 32. **What is social exchange?** Social exchange is an interaction where one person's actions are rewarded by the other's response. 33. **What is a victimless crime? Give an example.** A victimless crime is an illegal act that does not harm another person. Example: illegal gambling, drug use. 34. **What is social stratification? What are the 3 dimensions of social stratification?** Social stratification is the ranking of people into layers based on resources. Dimensions: wealth, power, prestige. 35. **What is False Consciousness?** False consciousness is when people accept beliefs that are contrary to their true interests, often perpetuating inequality. 36. **What is the difference between wealth and income?** Wealth is a person’s total assets; income is money received over time (like from work). 37. **What are the 4 identifiers of the poor?** Age, race/ethnicity, gender, family structure. 38. **What is social mobility? What are 2 types of mobility systems? What kind of mobility system do we have in the US?** Social mobility is movement between social classes. Two systems: open (allows mobility) and closed (restricts mobility). The US has an open system, the class system. 39. **What is vertical mobility? Give an example. What is horizontal mobility? Give an example. What is intergenerational mobility? Give an example.** - Vertical mobility: moving up/down in social status (e.g., promoted to manager). - Horizontal mobility: changing jobs at the same level (e.g., nurse to teacher). - Intergenerational mobility: movement between generations (child of factory worker becomes doctor). 40. **What is power? What perspective does it fall under?** Power is the ability to control others. It is a focus of the conflict perspective. 41. **What are cultural complexes? Give an example.** A cultural complex is a cluster of interrelated cultural traits. Example: Football involves traditions, rules, uniforms. 42. **What are cultural traits? Give an example.** A cultural trait is an individual tool, act, or belief related to a culture. Example: using chopsticks. 43. **Formal vs. Informal Sanctions. Give an example of each.** Formal sanction: official reward or punishment (e.g., diploma, prison sentence). Informal sanction: unofficial response (e.g., smile, gossip). 44. **What is a master status? Give an example.** Master status is the most important status a person occupies. Example: President, mother. 45. **What are mores? Give 2 examples.** Mores are norms of great moral significance. Examples: Not committing murder; not committing incest. 46. **What are folkways? Give 2 examples.** Folkways are common, informal customs. Examples: Shaking hands; wearing matching socks. 47. **What is language? Is it the most obvious aspect of culture? What does vocabulary tell us about culture? What type of culture does language fall under?** Language is a system of symbols for communication. Yes, it’s the most obvious aspect. Vocabulary reflects what’s important in a culture. Language is part of nonmaterial culture. 48. **In terms of personality, what is the difference between the I and the ME?** The "I" is the spontaneous, unsocialized self; the "ME" is the part shaped by society and expectations. 49. **What is a group? What are the 4 major features of a group? What are the different sizes of groups? What are the different types of groups?** A group is two or more people who interact and share expectations. Features: size, interaction, shared expectations, sense of identity. Sizes: dyad (2), triad (3), small group (<15). Types: primary, secondary, in-group, out-group, reference group. 50. **Who was Auguste Comte? What is he known for?** Auguste Comte was the founder of sociology and known for proposing positivism. 51. **Who was Harriet Martineau? What was she known for?** Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist who translated Comte’s work and studied women’s rights and social reform. 52. **Who was Herbert Spencer? What was he known for?** Herbert Spencer was an early sociologist known for Social Darwinism and the idea that society evolves. 53. **Who was Karl Marx? What was he known for?** Karl Marx was a theorist known for developing conflict theory and writing about class struggle. 54. **Who was Emile Durkheim? What was he known for?** Emile Durkheim was a founder of sociology known for studying social integration and the functions of society. 55. **Who was Max Weber? What was he known for?** Max Weber was a sociologist known for his work on bureaucracy, social action, and the Protestant ethic. 56. **Who was Jane Addams? What was she known for?** Jane Addams was a social reformer known for founding Hull House and pioneering social work. 57. **Who was W.E.B. DuBois? What was he known for?** W.E.B. DuBois was a sociologist and civil rights activist known for studying race and founding the NAACP.